Talviolympiakisat järjestettiin 1972 ensi kertaa Aasiassa, kun Japanin Sapporo sai kisat järjestettäväkseen. Sapporossa piti järjestää kisat jo 1940, mutta tuolloin Japani luopui kisoista saatuaan kansainvälisen tuomion armeijansa invaasiosta Kiinaan. Toisen maailmansodan häviönsä myötä Japanista tuli 1945 kuitenkin “kansainvälisesti kelvollinen” valtio ja vuonna 1964 kesäolympiakisat oltiin jo järjestetty Tokiossa. Äänestyksessä kisajärjestäjästä Sapporo päihittikin haastajansa Kanadan Banffin murskaavasti. Lahti ja Salt Lake City eivät päässeet äänestyksen finaalikierrokselle.
Isäntämaa Japani loisti Sapporossa normaalimäen kisassa, jossa se otti peräti kolmoisvoiton. Kultamitalille leiskautti Yukio Kasaya, hopealle Akitsugu Konno ja pronssille Seiji Aochi. Supertiukassa suurmäen kisassa juhli puolestaan Puola, kun Wojciech Fortuna voitti kultaa. Neljänneksi jäänyt Suomen Tauno Käyhkö hävisi herra Fortunalle vain 0,7 pisteellä.
Neuvostoliitto palasi mitalitaulukon ykköseksi kahdeksalla kultamitalillaan. Kisojen hiihtokuningatar Galina Kulakova voitti naisten hiihdossa kaikki kolme jaossa ollutta kultamitalia. Hollanti voitti pikaluistelussa neljä kultaa, joista kolme saavutti Ard Schenk. Naisten alppihiihdossa Sveitsin Marie-Theres Nadig nousi kultasankariksi suuresta tuntemattomuudesta, voitettuaan syöksylaskun ja suurpujottelun. Espanja saavutti Sapporossa historiansa ensimmäisen kultamitalinsa talviolympiakisoissa, kun Francisco Fernandez Ochoa voitti miesten pujottelun.
Suomalaisittain Sapporon kisat olivat valtava pettymys, sillä ensi kertaa Suomi jäi ilman kultamitalia. Marjatta Kajosmaa hiihti kaksi hopeaa ja yhden pronssin. Viestissä Kajosmaa sivakoi hopeaa Hilkka Kuntolan (myöhemmin Riihivuori) ja Helena Takalon kanssa. Mieshiihtäjät jäivät mitaleitta, kun Juha Mieto hävisi 15 kilometrillä pronssin kuudella sadasosalla. Yhdistetyssä Rauno Miettinen oli hopealla DDR:bn Ulrich Wechlingin jälkeen. Suomi saavutti hopeaa myös ampumahiihtoviestissä, jossa Suomen joukkueessa kilpailivat Esko Saira, Juhani Suutarinen, Heikki Ikola ja Mauri Röppänen. Kultaa voitti Neuvostoliitto.
Sapporon kisoissa puheenaiheeksi nousivat ammattilaisuuden ja amatööriyden erot. 40 alppihiihtäjää uhattiin sulkea Sapporosta, koska he olivat aiemmin saaneet kisapalkkioita. Lopulta osallistumislupa kuitenkin annettiin. Jääkiekossa Kanada jätti Sapporon kisat väliin protestiksi. Kanada varsin perustellusti protestoi kommunistimaiden, kuten Neuvostoliiton ja Tshekkoslovakian näennäisiä amatöörijoukkueita, joiden pelaajat olivat virallisesti esim. armeijan palveluksessa. Tosiasiassa Neuvostoliiton ja Tshekkoslovakian pelaajat olivat ammattilaisia.
Jääkiekko
Sapporon jääkiekkoturnaukseen osallistui vain 11 joukkuetta, kun Kanada jäi amatöörisääntöjä protestoidakseen turnauksesta pois. Puolustava olympiavoittaja Neuvostoliitto sai suoran paikan loppusarjaan ja muut viisi joukkuetta ratkottiin karsintaotteluissa, joissa Tshekkoslovakia voitti Japanin 8-2, Ruotsi Jugoslavian 8-1, USA Sveitsin 5-3, Puola Länsi-Saksan 4-0 ja Suomi Norjan murskaavasti 13-1.
Suomi aloitti loppusarjan 3-9 tappiolla Neuvostoliitolle. Puolan Suomi voitti 5-1, mutta Tshekkoslovakia oli Suomea parempi 7-1. Mitalimahdollisuutensa Suomi menetti 4-1 tappioon USA:lle. Viimeisessä ottelussaan Suomi voitti Ruotsin kuitenkin 4-3 ja tappionsa myötä Ruotsi putosi mitaleilta. Lopputuloksissa Ruotsi oli neljäs, Suomi viides ja Puola kuudes.
Neuvostoliitto jäi Ruotsin kanssa 3-3 tasapeliin, mutta ratkaisi kultamitalit edukseen voitettuaan USA:n 7-2 ja Tshekkoslovakian 5-2. USA voitti Tshekkoslovakian yllättäen 5-1 ja saavutti hopeaa. Tshekkoslovakia sai tyytyä pronssiin.
Turnauksen pistepörssin ylivoimainen ykkönen oli Neuvostoliiton Valeri Harlamov tehoilla 9+6=15. Neuvostoliiton joukkueessa olivat myös mukana mm. legendaariset pelaajat Anatoli Firsov, Vladimir Petrov, Aleksander Maltsev, Boris Mihailov, Aleksander Ragulin ja salpalukkona tunnettu maalivahti Vladislav Tretjak. Firsov ja Ragulin voittivat jo kolmannen olympiakultansa.
USA:n tunnetuimmat Sapporon joukkueen pelaajat olivat Robbie Ftorek ja Mark Howe, jotka myöhemmin kunnostautuivat NHL:ssä. Howe on legendaarisen Gordie Howen poika. Tshekkoslovakian joukkueessa mukana olivat mm. Jiri Holik, Jaroslav Holik ja Naganon 1998 kisojen kultavalmentaja Ivan Hlinka. Slovakkipelaaja Vaclav Nedomansky loikkasi kaksi vuotta Sapporon kisojen jälkeen länteen ja pelasi hienon uran NHL:ssä.
Suomi oli viimeistä kertaa olympiakisoissa mukana amatööriaikoina parhaalla joukkueellaan. 1970-luvun alkupuolella suomalaispelaajia alkoi siirtyä ammattilaisiksi Pohjois-Amerikkaan, eikä ammattilaisilla ollut olympiakisoihin asiaa ennen vuotta 1988. Sapporossa Leijonissa olivat mukana mm. Veli-Pekka Ketola, Lauri Mononen ja Lasse Oksanen.
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